Models¶
Knowledge Graph Embedding Models¶
RandomBaseline([seed, verbose]) |
Random baseline |
TransE([k, eta, epochs, batches_count, …]) |
Translating Embeddings (TransE) |
DistMult([k, eta, epochs, batches_count, …]) |
The DistMult model |
ComplEx([k, eta, epochs, batches_count, …]) |
Complex embeddings (ComplEx) |
HolE([k, eta, epochs, batches_count, seed, …]) |
Holographic Embeddings |
ConvE([k, eta, epochs, batches_count, seed, …]) |
Convolutional 2D KG Embeddings |
ConvKB([k, eta, epochs, batches_count, …]) |
Convolution-based model |
Anatomy of a Model¶
Knowledge graph embeddings are learned by training a neural architecture over a graph. Although such architectures vary, the training phase always consists in minimizing a loss function \(\mathcal{L}\) that includes a scoring function \(f_{m}(t)\), i.e. a model-specific function that assigns a score to a triple \(t=(sub,pred,obj)\).
AmpliGraph models include the following components:
- Scoring function \(f(t)\)
- Loss function \(\mathcal{L}\)
- Optimization algorithm
- Regularizer
- Initializer
- Negatives generation strategy
- Support for Numeric Literals on Edges
AmpliGraph comes with a number of such components. They can be used in any combination to come up with a model that performs sufficiently well for the dataset of choice.
AmpliGraph features a number of abstract classes that can be extended to design new models:
EmbeddingModel([k, eta, epochs, …]) |
Abstract class for embedding models |
Loss(eta, hyperparam_dict[, verbose]) |
Abstract class for loss function. |
Regularizer(hyperparam_dict[, verbose]) |
Abstract class for Regularizer. |
Initializer([initializer_params, verbose, seed]) |
Abstract class for initializer . |
Scoring functions¶
Existing models propose scoring functions that combine the embeddings \(\mathbf{e}_{s},\mathbf{r}_{p}, \mathbf{e}_{o} \in \mathcal{R}^k\) of the subject, predicate, and object of a triple \(t=(s,p,o)\) according to different intuitions:
TransE[BUGD+13] relies on distances. The scoring function computes a similarity between the embedding of the subject translated by the embedding of the predicate and the embedding of the object, using the \(L_1\) or \(L_2\) norm \(||\cdot||\):
ConvE[DMSR18] uses convolutional layers (\(g\) is a non-linear activation function, \(\ast\) is the linear convolution operator, \(vec\) indicates 2D reshaping):
Loss Functions¶
AmpliGraph includes a number of loss functions commonly used in literature. Each function can be used with any of the implemented models. Loss functions are passed to models as hyperparameter, and they can be thus used during model selection.
PairwiseLoss(eta[, loss_params, verbose]) |
Pairwise, max-margin loss. |
AbsoluteMarginLoss(eta[, loss_params, verbose]) |
Absolute margin , max-margin loss. |
SelfAdversarialLoss(eta[, loss_params, verbose]) |
Self adversarial sampling loss. |
NLLLoss(eta[, loss_params, verbose]) |
Negative log-likelihood loss. |
NLLMulticlass(eta[, loss_params, verbose]) |
Multiclass NLL Loss. |
BCELoss(eta[, loss_params, verbose]) |
Binary Cross Entropy Loss. |
Regularizers¶
AmpliGraph includes a number of regularizers that can be used with the loss function.
LPRegularizer supports L1, L2, and L3.
LPRegularizer([regularizer_params, verbose]) |
Performs LP regularization |
Initializers¶
AmpliGraph includes a number of initializers that can be used to initialize the embeddings. They can be passed as hyperparameter, and they can be thus used during model selection.
RandomNormal([initializer_params, verbose, seed]) |
Initializes from a normal distribution with specified mean and std |
RandomUniform([initializer_params, verbose, …]) |
Initializes from a uniform distribution with specified low and high |
Xavier([initializer_params, verbose, seed]) |
Follows the xavier strategy for initialization of layers [GB10]. |
Constant([initializer_params, verbose, seed]) |
Initializes with the constant values provided by the user |
Optimizers¶
The goal of the optimization procedure is learning optimal embeddings, such that the scoring function is able to assign high scores to positive statements and low scores to statements unlikely to be true.
We support SGD-based optimizers provided by TensorFlow, by setting the optimizer argument in a model initializer.
Best results are currently obtained with Adam.
AdamOptimizer(optimizer_params, batches_count) |
Wrapper around Adam Optimizer |
AdagradOptimizer(optimizer_params, batches_count) |
Wrapper around adagrad optimizer |
SGDOptimizer(optimizer_params, batches_count) |
Wrapper around SGD Optimizer |
MomentumOptimizer(optimizer_params, …[, …]) |
Wrapper around Momentum Optimizer |
Support for Numeric Literals on Edges¶
Numeric values associated to edges of a knowledge graph have been used to represent uncertainty, edge importance, and even out-of-band knowledge in a growing number of scenarios, ranging from genetic data to social networks.
Nevertheless, traditional knowledge graph embedding models (TransE, DistMult, ComplEx) are not designed to capture such information, to the detriment of predictive power.
AmpliGraph includes FocusE [PC21], a novel method to inject numeric edge attributes into the scoring layer of a traditional knowledge graph embedding architecture.
To process knowledge graphs with numeric-enriched edges, refer to the documentation and examples below:
You can load publicly available benchmark knowledge graphs with numeric-enriched edges with the dataset loaders.